NCLC Laser Certification Practice Test

These questions are part of the practice quiz. Start practicing

• Observed when light is absorbed by its chromophore; vary depending on wavelength, target, pulse duration, and fluence.
• In the listed material, the 755 nm wavelength is associated with which laser category?
• Laser Hazard Classifications One through Four are intended to indicate hazard levels and corresponding controls.
• What is the name of the CO2 laser delivery system made of hollow metal tubes with joints and mirrors at each joint?
• Which concept is used to minimize collateral damage by targeting specific chromophores?
• What material is used to make laser fibers as described, an amorphous solid typically transparent to visible and near-infrared light?
• Aesthetic lasers generally have their outputs set with which parameter?
• Which condition is essential for laser action, defined as more atoms in the excited state than in the lower energy state?
• Which type of light has a wavelength range of 10 to 400 nm and appears violet in the near-visible spectrum?
• What term describes the energy per unit area delivered by the laser that is especially important for determining tissue response?
• Fire retardant materials in laser safety are defined as:
• What is the fourth state of matter in which electrons have been stripped from atoms?
• Which term describes the spread of the laser beam with distance from the source, affecting treatment precision?
• What range covers electromagnetic waves used in radio frequency communications?
• Which statement best defines a true laser pulse in terms of its temporal characteristics?
• LSO's may use informed judgement. Using your judgement, which laser scenario presents the greatest risk of retinal eye injury?
• What is a principal risk associated with cosmetic laser procedures near the eyes if safety protocols are not followed?
• Far-infrared lasers emit light in which wavelength range?
• A semiconductor diode laser in which injection of current carriers produces light by recombination at the PN junction; used in ophthalmology as photocoagulators.
• The reflex to turn away from bright light, not fast enough to protect from Class IV lasers is known as?
• Non-beam hazards like electrical, fire, and chemical risks associated with lasers are known as which?
• KDP may also be used to create this type of green light laser.
• Which quantity increases as transmittance decreases, defined as -log10 of transmittance, used to describe attenuation?
• Anodization of laser instrument surfaces typically results in a surface that is:
• Which term refers to the performance of the laser system over the full range of its intended functions, excluding maintenance and service?
• Which term describes a laser cavity with mirrors so that stimulated emission can oscillate within it?
• Who holds the patent for the Ruby Laser?
• Which class of lasers uses vaporized metal as the laser medium and emits yellow light at 578 nm (copper vapor) or red light at 630 nm (gold vapor)?
• Which laser has a wavelength of 1064 nm and is commonly used for hair removal and vascular lesions?
• Anodization reduces reflectivity due to which property of the oxide layer?
• The rate at which energy is emitted from the laser is called what?
• In laser tattoo removal, which characteristic of Q-switched lasers makes them effective for pigment particles?
• What term relates to the production of low temperatures?
• Which quantity is defined as energy per unit area per unit solid angle?
• What term describes power per unit area?
• Which laser works best for freckles and age spots based on the color of the laser light and the color of the target, considering melanin absorption?
• What feature of excimer lasers contributes most to their thermal precision?
• Which category includes lasers used in vision, photography, lighting, and color displays?
• Which term describes the electro-optic effect used to modulate light in laser systems?
• What term describes a state of the laser active medium in which more atoms or molecules are in a higher energy state than in a lower resting state?
• Which non-laser therapy uses wavelengths from 400 to 1000 nm and is used for acne, wound healing, and anti-aging?
• Which dermal layer is the deepest and must be avoided during risk-prone heat-based procedures?
• The regulatory agency within the US Department of Labor is primarily responsible for assuring worker safety in industries. Which agency is this?
• Which wavelength band includes lasers such as Nd:YAG and Ho:YAG?
• The continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser operates in which spectral region?
• MPE stands for what in laser safety?
• What term describes the number of laser pulses emitted per second?
• The anagen phase of hair growth is approximately:
• Which condition is a strong contraindication to aesthetic laser hair removal?
• Anodized laser instruments have reduced reflectivity because:
• Which hair growth phase is the regression phase where hair stops growing and becomes less responsive to laser treatment?
• Deeper, middle layer of the skin, involved in many laser treatment effects?
• Which laser type emits a constant beam of laser energy?
• Which laser is associated with a 755 nm deep red wavelength and is commonly used for hair removal?
• Trade name of the drug used as the photosensitizing agent in Photodynamic Therapy for cancer; the chemical name is porfimer sodium.
• Compared to CO2 lasers, Er:YAG lasers provide which tissue interaction characteristics?
• What is the wavelength range for Visible Light?
• NHZ stands for:
• What is the approximate Thermal Relaxation Time (TRT) range of a terminal hair follicle?
• Indicators like redness, swelling, or ejection of the hair shaft stub are associated with what in hair removal?
• Ablation is described as which of the following processes?
• What term refers to the value on either edge of a laser pulse when the power is half of its maximum value?
• Which range is associated with near-visible infrared that appears as deep red and is used in medical and cosmetic procedures?
• At the end of a hair growth cycle, what happens to the hair shaft?
• The span of time over which the laser interacts with the skin is called what?
• What does a laser hazard class indicate about required controls?
• By what mechanism does Photobiomodulation (PBM), also called Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT), work?
• Which term refers to supplying and connecting electrical power, water, or other utilities to a hardware system?
• Sapphire windows on aesthetic lasers are an example of which feature?
• The diode lasers commonly used in medical systems operate in which wavelength range?
• What must be worn within the NHZ to protect against laser-induced eye injuries?
• Which category includes wavelengths used in radio and TV broadcasts?
• In laser skin procedures, slowing the repetition rate of laser pulses (longer time between pulses) yields a desirable consequence. which option is correct?
• Which skin gland type produces pheromones and is found in areas such as the armpits?
• Which type of light is used for Laser Hair Removal and Skin Rejuvenation that is not a laser?
• What is the term for the ability to stop bleeding in surgical contexts?
• What term describes the ability of plasma to stop transmission of laser light past the spark, providing a safety mechanism in ophthalmic procedures?
• Which factor primarily determines melanin absorption when selecting a laser wavelength?
• Laser Eye Hazards refer to potential damage to which ocular structures, depending on wavelength?
• What does OD stand for in laser safety eyewear?
• Which hair growth phase is the resting phase where hair sheds and is often resistant to laser treatment?
• Which laser uses argon fluoride (ArF) gas and has a wavelength of 193 nm?
• What is the wavelength of the continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser?
• What term describes the alignment of the electric and magnetic fields that make up an electromagnetic wave, with the electric field orientation being emphasized?
• The maximum height of a wave corresponds to which property of the wave?
• What term describes the rate at which a structure can conduct heat, used to determine if heat damage remains confined within the target when laser pulses are shorter than the time required for heat to spread from the target?
• Maximum diameter of a circle over which irradiance and radiant exposure can be averaged is called?
• Energy contained within the laser light is called what?
• Creating an acoustical shock wave by high energy pulsing of a laser is described in ophthalmology as the 'cold cutting' effect in secondary cataract surgery. What term is this?
• Is eye protection required when using IPL devices?
• Are there many legal requirements for laser credentialing and safety procedures?
• What color do 532 nm and 511 nm wavelengths correspond to in laser terminology?
• Which laser presents a corneal burn hazard but not a retinal hazard?
• Dictates absorption by different tissues and depth of penetration, measured in nanometers (nm).
• Allows destruction of tissues containing a chromophore that absorbs a specific wavelength while minimizing damage to surrounding tissues.
• Which term denotes tissue coagulation caused by light, potentially without explicit hemostasis?
• Irradiance (Power Density) is determined by which factors?
• Area within which laser radiation exceeds safe exposure limits; safety measures are mandatory.
• What acronym is used for the person responsible for overseeing laser safety in a facility?
• Which term describes light as having a single color line, with very narrow spectral width?
• Which gland type produces oils for skin lubrication and can be involved in acne?
• Which term describes the property that quantifies how easily tissue absorbs light across wavelengths?
• Which wavelength range corresponds to red light?
• Pulsed laser operation that has pulse times shorter than the time required for heat to diffuse results in what effect?
• Which rays are divided into UVA, UVB, and UVC?
• Which term describes a light pulse lasting about 10–12 seconds, longer than a femtosecond but shorter than a nanosecond?
• The Fitzpatrick skin classification system considers which variable?
• Exposure duration which is limited by design or intended use is called?
• Which term is defined as volume removal of tissue by vaporization?
• Which range is used in LED technology and some laser pointers?
• A natural pigment in the skin that absorbs laser light, important in hair removal
• Which term is the mathematical measurement of a focused laser spot, defined as the area that contains 86% of the incident power for a TEM00 beam?
• Which chromophores are dominant in tissue for argon lasers?
• Time required for a heated object to cool to 50% of its peak temperature
• Which category includes cancer treatment and sterilizing medical equipment?
• Which unit expresses a logarithmic comparison of power levels, abbreviated dB?
• What is the primary function of the sapphire plate in some aesthetic laser handpieces?
• Which phenomenon describes the bending of waves around an obstacle due to their wave nature?
• Which optical component provides a very smooth, even distribution of light by diffusing it?
• Which term describes a laser that delivers energy in discrete pulses rather than continuously?
• Energy delivered per unit area is called what?
• A filter that allows selective transmission of colors is called a
• What is the best definition of a true laser pulse?
• Which statement about TRT values is correct?
• What is the area where the direct, scattered, or reflected radiation during normal laser usage exceeds the MPE called?
• The unit used to express power density in lasers is?
• Which wavelength is cited as a Nd:YAG harmonic in the material?
• Which variable changes irradiance (power density) the quickest?
• Which wavelength lies in the near-infrared range and is commonly associated with the Nd:YAG laser?
• Which statement best captures the safety purpose of protective eyewear in laser procedures?
• A longer-wavelength laser is preferred over Alexandrite for hair removal when starting with which Fitzpatrick skin type?
• Which laser uses gases such as argon fluoride (ArF) and has a wavelength of 193 nm?
• Include electrical risks, particularly to repair technicians, and risks from dyes, solvents, and gases.
• What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
• Among the following, what is the strongest contraindication to most aesthetic laser use?
• Which hair growth phase is characterized by active growth?
• What does NHZ stand for?
• Which category corresponds to wavelengths between 0.01 and 10 nm?
• Which laser type uses electrons moving through a spatially varying magnetic field and is typically large and expensive?
• Which laser wavelength is commonly used for hair removal at 1064 nm?
• Which laser best targets red vascular lesions?
• Which Fitzpatrick skin type shows the greatest sun sensitivity?
• Which statement describes a risk associated with dark tan in skin type III in the context of aesthetic laser procedures?
• Which hazards may result from Class IV medical lasers?
• Which laser treatment targets small areas of skin to promote quicker healing and less downtime?
• Which statement best describes safety around the eye during laser procedures?
• What is essential for legal protection and effective laser use despite few legal requirements?
• What does Accessible Radiation describe?
• Which term describes laser emitting multiple pulses in sequence with a PRF greater than or equal to about 1 Hz?
• What is a primary benefit of skin cooling during aesthetic laser procedures?
• Which statement correctly distinguishes an extended source from a point source?
• What is the role of operational and safety policies in medical facilities using lasers?
• Electromagnetic radiation visible to the human eye covers wavelengths approximately 400 nm to 700 nm. This is called:
• Which unit lists the frequency as cycles per second?
• In a tunable dye laser, the color of the emitted light can be tuned by:
• Which statement best describes why a longer-wavelength laser is preferred for hair removal on darker skin types?
• TRT stands for Thermal Relaxation Time. What does TRT describe?
• Which term describes a reflection that preserves the laser beam's low divergence and can be hazardous on flat surfaces?
• Which molecule is used as a laser medium in CO2 lasers and emits at 10,600 nm?
• Which laser is more likely to cause a corneal hazard?
• Which of the following is typically included in standard operating procedures in a laser safety program?
• What term describes the highest instantaneous power level in a laser pulse?
• Which layer beneath the dermis stores fat and houses nerves and blood vessels?
• Negatively charged particle of an atom; transitions between energy levels yield light.
• Which statement correctly describes the Output Coupler?
• Deviation of a beam caused by the wave nature of light when it passes the edge of an opaque obstacle is called
• The primary alternative to laser for endoscopic, hemostatic dissection; ESU.
• Photodisassociation in excimer lasers can enable cutting effects through:
• Where is Propionibacterium acnes bacteria predominantly found in the skin?
• In laser physics, excitation is defined as:
• Which term describes plasma formation by stripping electrons from atoms or molecules using high laser energies focused in a small spot?
• What term describes the assembly of all electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and optical components that make up an operating laser?
• Which lasers are commonly cited for ablative, full-surface skin resurfacing?
• Which laser uses a wavelength of 694 nm and is commonly used for tattoo removal?
• What is the approximate wavelength range for visible light?
• What is the yellow wavelength of the CuBr laser?
• What is energy per unit area delivered by the laser, measured in Joules per square centimeter?
• An ideal candidate for laser hair removal typically has which characteristics?
• Which laser is identified with a 2790 nm wavelength (YSGG)?
• Which laser is described as the original tattoo removal and hair removal laser in dermatology, usable in both Q-switched and long-pulsed modes?
• Laser fibers are made primarily from which material?
• Wavelength range is 0.01 to 10 nm; invisible to the human eye.
• Which laser is commonly used for ablative full-surface skin resurfacing?
• Which term describes light that is invisible to the human eye and spans from 700 nm to 1 mm?
• A laser that uses a jet of liquid dye pumped by another laser or flashlamps to produce tunable colors is known as:
• Anodized laser instruments have reduced reflectivity primarily due to
• Visual skin color is derived primarily from which pigment?
• Who is considered the father of lasers in medicine?
• Wavelengths like CO2 and Er:YAG lasers that do not pass through fluid pose corneal burn risks.
• TRT (Thermal Relaxation Time) refers to:
• Which laser medium is a solid-state crystal doped with chromium that emits near 752 nm and is commonly used for tattoo removal?
• What term refers to an instrument to measure power in watts in electromagnetic radiation?
• What is the unit of power or radiant flux?
• What optical density (OD) provides the greatest eye protection from an Alexandrite laser?
• Which factor most directly influences the safe setting of laser fluence and pulse duration for a patient?
• Irradiance is the rate of energy delivery per unit area.
• The ruby laser emits light at
• Emit light at 585-595 nm, used for treating vascular lesions such as port wine stains and rosacea.
• Which laser emits Yellow 578 nm and Green 510 nm and is used for vascular and pigmented lesions?
• Which laser corresponds to a 2790 nm wavelength labeled as YSGG?
• Do surgical lasers produce X-rays?
• Fractional skin resurfacing delivers energy in micro-dots, resulting in only a fraction of the skin surface being treated. This statement describes:
• Medical diode lasers primarily interact tissue via what mechanism?
• Which term describes waves in phase across space and time?
• Under what condition is a visible-light laser considered eye-safe?
• The energy delivered per unit area is described by which term?
• Which device emits polychromatic incoherent light via a flash lamp with a wavelength range of 420-1400 nm?
• What term describes a three-dimensional image formed by interference patterns of coherent laser light?
• In laser hair removal, the optimum pulse duration is designed to heat the follicle with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. This requires the pulse duration to be which relative to the follicle's Thermal Relaxation Time (TRT)?
• Which label corresponds to the Nd:YAG 1st harmonic producing 532 nm?
• What optical component homogenizes light to produce a smooth, even distribution over the illuminated area?
• Pulse Duration, Unit=Seconds (s), Description= Span of time over which the laser interacts with the skin.
• Aesthetic lasers generally have their outputs set with this parameter:
• Which term indicates the actual area on the skin where the laser energy is concentrated?
• Power delivered per unit area by a laser is called what?
• Which concept targets specific chromophores in tissue with laser light to minimize damage to surrounding areas?
• Which Fitzpatrick skin type shows the greatest sun sensitivity?
• Which of the following would be included in a laser safety program?
• Which type of laser tends to penetrate deeper into tissue?
• What term describes the distance along the axis of an unobstructed beam from the laser to the eye beyond which exposure is not expected to exceed the MPE?
• Which effect involves laser light triggering chemical reactions within tissue, used in photodynamic therapy?
• What is the acronym for Light-Emitting Diode?
• What is a benefit to the patient of slowing the repetition rate of laser pulses (longer time between each pulse)?
• Which layer is the middle layer involved in many laser treatment effects?
• Which parameter is measured in Watts and represents the rate of energy emission?
• Which type of lesion is typically removed by lasers that target melanin with devices such as green light diodes or CuBr?
• What is the preferred method of patient eye safety when performing laser work around the face but not near the eye?
• Expressed in Joules (watt-seconds). The ability to accomplish work.
• What term describes the three hair growth phases Anagen, Catagen, and Telogen that influence laser hair removal success?
• Hair growth originates from which structure?
• In laser safety, what does MPE stand for?
• Who created the first laser according to the material?
• What color of non-laser light is most often used in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) for skin treatments to activate the photosensitizer?
• Why should providers be aware of state and local regulations on laser use?
• Which term describes power per solid angle and is seldom used in laser safety?
• Which laser type produces light at 1064 nm, effective for deep tissue penetration, and commonly used in hair removal and vascular treatments?
• The optimum pulse duration for hair removal is related to the TRT of which structures?
• Tissue coagulation caused by light, involving hemostasis, occurs when egg white turns white in a frying pan. This describes which process?
• Which laser type is commonly used for treating very dark skin in laser hair removal?
• What is the typical wavelength of the HeNe laser used as a guide light for infrared systems?
• If a laser system increases its repetition rate, what aspect of the procedure is most directly affected?
• The term for passage of laser energy through a medium without absorption is:
• Pigment in the epidermis that absorbs laser light and competes with hair follicles during treatments?
• Which laser is commonly used for hair removal and treatment of vascular lesions at 1064 nm?
• What does the term 'target chromophore' mean when discussing laser use?
• Which term is defined as the ratio of the reflected radiant power to the incident radiant power?
• Which laser component merges two wavelengths into a single coaxial beam?
• The layer that provides the barrier against laser injury, outermost part of the epidermis, is which?
• Which term describes how energy is pumped into the Active Medium to achieve population inversion?
• Which laser is Yellow-Orange 585-605 nm used for vascular lesions and skin rejuvenation?
• Ultrapulse technology in CO2 lasers achieves very clean incisions largely due to:
• Which technology is used for non-laser therapy with wavelengths from 400 to 1000 nm?
• What is the area called where occupancy and activity are controlled to protect against radiation hazards?
• 532 nm light corresponds to which color in the visible spectrum?
• What type of light results from spontaneous emission?
• Which wavelength is associated with yellow CuBr lasers?
• Which is the shortest visible wavelength, 400-450 nm, often used in high-precision applications?
• Measure of how much a material reduces the intensity of light, used in safety glasses
• The U.S. legal requirement for laser manufacturers or distributors to provide detailed laser service manuals upon request at a reasonable cost of reproduction comes through which?
• What is the term for the involuntary movement of the eyelid or head to avoid bright light exposure?
• The spread of the laser beam as it moves away from the source
• Which laser uses Yellow 578 nm and Green 510 nm, for fine capillary lesions and pigmented lesions?
• Which term describes the mechanism that keeps light within a laser fiber due to differences in refractive index between core and cladding?
• In laser safety, the Nominal Hazard Zone is defined as the area where exposure exceeds MPE. Which option best describes this zone?
• Which term is defined as the ratio of total reflected radiant power to total incident power?
• What is the term for the material that emits laser light in a laser system?
• Nd:YAG laser can be frequency-doubled to produce which visible wavelength?
• What is the term for the amount of power per unit area, measured in watts per square centimeter (W/cm²)?
• In Photodynamic Therapy, which light is commonly used for skin conditions, while red light has historically been used for cancer?
• What is the strongest contraindication to most aesthetic laser use?
• Absorption is described as which concept?
• Which CO2 laser mode yields very clean incisions with little extraneous heat generation but lower maximum average power?
• Infrared lasers typically used for Laser Hair removal are in what general range?
• Which laser type removes the top layers of skin to stimulate collagen production and renewal?
• What term describes the increase in a laser beam's diameter with distance from the exit aperture?
• What is the emission wavelength of the yellow CuBr laser?
• When performing an aesthetic laser procedure, which skin cooling method is adequate, but probably least effective compared to other methods?
• The wavelength most highly absorbed by water is which of the following?
• Which laser at 1318 nm is used for heating the dermis in skin rejuvenation?
• Universal Precautions require treating all human blood as if it is infectious. Which option best represents this concept?
• Which gas laser medium emits blue/green light at 488 and 515 nm?
• Which statement best describes Aversion Response time in laser eye safety?
• Pulsed Nd:YAG lasers at higher energy are used for which procedure?
• What are potential skin injuries that can occur from excessive heating during laser procedures?
• Which laser is a mid-infrared source around 2100 nm commonly used in orthopedics and urology?
• Which agencies rely on ANSI standards to enforce safety in healthcare settings?
• Lasers are generally considered eyesafe if the MPE duration is longer than how many seconds?
• What is the material that is stimulated to emit the laser light called?
• What is the designated area where laser procedures are conducted, with restricted access?
• What term refers to an effect that is not a normal linear temperature rise, such as the plasma spark and acoustical shock waves produced by some pulsed lasers?
• What does ESU stand for in surgical equipment?
• Which laser is commonly used to remove green pigment in tattoos?
• Outermost layer of the epidermis, protecting against laser injury, is called what?
• Which term is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a given material?
• Which Fitzpatrick skin type is the most difficult to treat (but not impossible) for laser hair removal, considering competing chromophores?
• Characteristic of laser light meaning all waves are in phase with each other in space and time.
• Exposure dose incident upon a surface, measured in J/cm2, is known as Radiant Exposure.
• Which laser is energized by a bright pulsing arc lamp to provide high peak power for lithotripsy or dermatology?
• Which optical component is the partially transmissive mirror that allows the laser beam to escape from the optical cavity?
• According to ANSI Z136.3, when must laser safety eyewear be worn by personnel entering the laser room?
• Rate of energy delivery per unit area is called what?
• Which mechanism involves rapid expansion and contraction of tissue due to laser energy, causing mechanical disruption?
• In ophthalmic applications, confining the plasma to a tiny spot within the eye can cut membranes. This state of matter is called?
• During a series of laser or IPL treatments, a patient experiences unexpected harsh reactions mid-series that did not occur with earlier treatments using identical parameters. What is the most likely cause?
• What does Optical Density (OD) of glasses indicate?
• Which wavelength is primarily absorbed by the cornea, reducing retinal risk?
• What is the term for the smoke and particulates generated by laser-tissue interaction that may contain hazardous substances?
• Which instrument is inserted into the body to view and manipulate tissue, and can be rigid or flexible?
• Which of the following wavelengths corresponds to a CO2 laser?
• Which statement best describes a common, realistic endpoint in laser hair removal?
• Irradiance (Power Density) is determined by which factors?
• ANSI Z136.3 lists which time period as the Aversion Response Time of humans to strong light?
• Why are CO2 lasers often referred to as far infrared in medical practice?
• Which category refers to devices using radio waves to heat tissues for cosmetic tightening?
• The interaction of light and electric fields, used in modulators, Q-switches, and beam deflectors.
• Characteristic of laser light meaning it has a single or narrow wavelength.
• Which laser category corresponds to the wavelength range 193-351 nm?
• When performing deep skin resurfacing on very dark skin types, which complication is more common?
• In gas laser systems like CO2 and Krypton, what is energized by Direct Current?
• Which hair color is easiest to remove by laser when ignoring skin color?
• Radius of the laser beam is called what?
• What surface property is created on laser instruments by anodization?
• What should be included in a facility's laser safety program?
• Which term describes the optical spot size of a focused laser beam?
• A source of radiation whose dimensions are small enough to be neglected in calculations compared to the distance between source and receptor is called a what?
• Are ANSI standards legally binding in healthcare settings?
• Which technology uses radio waves to heat tissues and stimulate collagen production for skin tightening?
• What is the unit of energy commonly described for laser energy?
• Which layer lies below the dermis and contains fat, blood vessels, and nerves?
• Which Roman numeral is described as a very strong contra-indication to aesthetic laser use?
• Which laser would be best suited for laser hair removal on black skin?
• Which laser is used for fractional skin resurfacing?
• Contraindications for Laser Hair Removal include which of the following?
• Which quantity quantifies the total energy carried by radiation, measured in joules?
• Nd:YAG stands for Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet, a crystal used as a laser medium. What does Nd:YAG stand for?
• What is the wavelength range for X-Rays?
• Which term denotes the instantaneous beam power, measured in watts?
• Which method switches the resonator quality to achieve high peak powers for nanosecond bursts, often using a Pockels cell?
• Irradiance is commonly expressed in which units?
• Which wavelength is commonly used for hair removal in many devices?
• Flat metal surfaces near the laser beam path can cause dangerous reflections. Which term describes this risk?
• The wavelength most highly absorbed by water is:
• Compared to full surface ablative resurfacing of the skin, what is true about fractional resurfacing?
• Which category has wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm and is the only part of the spectrum visible to the human eye?
• What is the standard for safe use of lasers in healthcare facilities?
• Which instrument is used to measure how much light is visible to the human eye?
• In the order from deepest to shallowest, which sequence correctly ranks the depth of single-pass ablation for CO2, YSGG, and Er:YAG lasers?
• Which laser corresponds to Deep Red 694 nm and is the original laser from 1960?
• What does the aversion response time influence in laser eye safety?
• In ophthalmic procedures, the safety mechanism where plasma stops laser transmission after forming is called what?
• Absorption Coefficient refers to which concept?
• Which eye hazard is primarily corneal rather than retinal?
• With lasers that have separate but coincident treatment and aiming beams, what must be confirmed before each patient treatment?
• Aside from the scalp area, the typical duration of the hair growth cycle in most other body areas is approximately:
• Must be worn within the NHZ to protect against laser-induced eye injuries.
• The avalanche effect threshold energy for Alexandrite and Nd:YAG lasers is defined as follows. Which option correctly lists the thresholds?
• What term refers to the wavelength range of 1 mm to 100 km and is invisible to the human eye?
• The hair growth phase that must be targeted for effective laser hair removal is:
• Which device emits incoherent light by spontaneous emission?
• What is the viewing angle called where the eye is exposed to all or part of the direct laser beam?
• What unit is used to describe the wavelength of laser light?
• In laser technology, which term describes the interaction between an acoustic wave and a light wave, used in beam deflectors, modulators, and Q-switches?
• Which term is abbreviated as OD in laser safety, representing how much light is blocked?
• What signage is required on entryways to laser treatment rooms?
• KTP stands for Potassium Titanyl Phosphate, an electro-optical crystal used to change the wavelength of a Nd:YAG laser from infrared to green. Which option correctly identifies what KTP stands for?
• Which option correctly identifies that the LED stands for Light-Emitting Diode?
• What is the most common wavelength range for medical diode laser systems?
• Nd:YAG systems can operate across a wide wavelength range; what are typical low-power uses?
• Which laser has a common wavelength of 810 nm used for hair removal?
• The rate of energy delivery expressed in watts is known as what?
• Which excitation method uses radio waves to excite the gas in lasers such as CO2?
• The commercial trade name for an enhanced version of a superpulse CO2 laser, capable of high energy per pulse and high average power, yielding very clean incisions, is:
• Which technology covers the wavelength range of 700 to 1400 nm and is associated with near-visible infrared appearing as deep red?
• What two pieces of information should be labeled on laser safety glasses?
• FDA defines ‘Permanent’ laser hair removal as:
• Who is generally considered the father of lasers in medicine?
• Which hair color provides the best contrast for laser targeting on light skin?
• Relates to the number of laser pulses per second; affects patient comfort and treatment speed.
• Which CO2 laser mode is described as a fast pulsing output with high peak power per pulse, used for very clean incisions?
• What term describes the size of the crater left by a laser impact, which is related to the beam spot size but also depends on how energy is applied and tissue traction?
• Which term refers to a surgeon who uses lasers as surgical instruments?
• Which dermal layer is the deepest and yellowish, requiring avoidance during laser treatments?
• Which term describes the medical practice that uses a light-activated drug to destroy diseased tissue?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between laser wavelength and tissue chromophore absorption for selective photothermolysis?
• What is the term for the distance from a focusing lens at which the laser beam has its smallest spot diameter?
• Which concept directs selective destruction of a chromophore-containing target while sparing surrounding tissue?
• Which lasers are commonly used to remove pigmented lesions by targeting melanin?
• In laser safety, which organization publishes the standard that defines Aversion Response Time?
• What is the primary wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser?
• What term is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a material?
• Wavelength 570-590 nm is used in pulsed dye lasers for vascular treatments.
• Which list correctly identifies the possible Active Medium categories?
• Which term describes eye hazard risks including potential damage to cornea and retina from lasers?
• Which organization provides the best medically specific recommendations for laser credentialing and training?
• In a semiconductor laser, the minimum current needed to sustain laser action is called:
• Energy transferred, emitted or received in the form of radiation is measured in Joules (J).
• The level of laser radiation exposure that a person may be exposed to without hazardous effects is called?
• Attenuation can be measured in decibels or in what alternative percentage form?
• What is the wavelength commonly associated with CO2 lasers in the far-infrared region?
• Which technology emits light at 10600 nm, targeting water as its chromophore, and is used for cutting, welding, and skin resurfacing?
• Which excitation method energizes the Active Medium using light from flash lamps or other lasers?
• For hair removal, a longer wavelength laser such as 810nm diode or Nd:YAG would be preferred over Alexandrite starting with which Fitzpatrick skin type?
• Wavelength of the Er:YAG laser?
• Which laser is commonly used to treat superficial vascular lesions?
• Which phase is characterized by active hair shaft production?
• The diameter of the laser beam, affects power density and treatment effectiveness
• Which term represents the radius of the laser beam and is measured in centimeters?
• Which area is defined as the region where laser radiation exceeds the maximum permissible exposure (MPE)?
• The phenomenon of total reflection of light back into a material at an interface with a lower refractive index, enabling fiber optics, is called:
• An electronic device which preferentially conducts current in one direction but not the other.
• What does the 'R' in LASER stand for?
• In laser safety, which type of control is focusing on engineering controls like enclosures, interlocks, and beam paths?
• Who is the person appointed by administration to administer a laser safety program and oversee control of laser hazards?
• Which of the following best describes Optical Pumping in lasers?
• Wavelength 495-570 nm is often used in laser pointers and some medical applications.
• Fiberoptics in laser procedures are best described as:
• What is the best definition of a true laser pulse?
• Which practice reduces the risk of eye injury during cosmetic laser treatments around the eyes?
• What is the major risk when aesthetic laser procedures are performed solely by non-medical personnel?
• Which regulatory framework governs the requirement to provide detailed laser service manuals to laser owners upon request at a reasonable cost of reproduction?
• What is spontaneous emission?
• 40-100 milliseconds, depending on the size of the follicle corresponds to which TRT?
• Which term refers to a single burst of laser light with much higher peak power than the average output?
• How does sun exposure affect the scheduling or outcomes of laser skin treatments?
• What would be the wavelength of a typical diode laser used for laser hair removal?
• Which term refers to the boundary area with safety controls for a laser facility?
• Which wavelength is commonly used for hair removal on darker skin types among the listed options?
• Which parameter dictates absorption by different tissues and depth of penetration?
• In which skin structure is the stratum corneum located?
• Which of the following is a potential adverse effect risk of laser hair removal?
• Which wavelength is commonly used by diode lasers for hair removal?
• What category is associated with uses in AM/FM radio, TV broadcasting, and mobile phones?
• Which type of radiation is commonly associated with X-ray, high energy, that can cause DNA damage without immediate thermal effect, contrasting with non-ionizing radiation?
• Sebaceous glands in the skin have which function?
• The excitation level at which laser emission begins is called:
• One of the two strongest contraindications to laser hair removal may include:
• Wavelength range is less than 0.01 nm; invisible to the human eye.
• Which statement best describes the major difference between ANSI Z136.3 and ANSI Z136.1 in laser safety responsibilities?
• What is the range of wavelengths that constitutes the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum?
• Light that does not spread as it moves away from the source
• When treating very dark skin, which laser would be safer during ablative (full surface) laser skin resurfacing?
• Which gland type is primarily responsible for sweat production and thermoregulation?
• Which laser is associated with a wavelength of 10600 nm, commonly used for skin resurfacing?
• Performance of adjustments and procedures specified by the manufacturer which are performed by the user to ensure proper performance of the product?
• Which term corresponds to the ratio of reflected radiant power to incident radiant power (reflectivity)?
• Which category includes ultraviolet used in LASIK surgery and treating psoriasis?
• The 1064 nm wavelength falls into which category of light?
• Create microscopic treatment zones promoting rapid healing and collagen production.
• Failure of the device skin cooling system, or forgetting to turn it on, can result in:
• Which category includes uses in vision, photography, lighting, and color displays?
• Which process involves breaking of chemical bonds in tissue using laser energy?
• What is the yellow wavelength of the CuBr laser?
• An instrument inserted into the body to view and manipulate tissue, can be rigid or flexible.
• Infrared lasers are categorized as which type of electromagnetic radiation?
• Which wavelength band is described as invisible wavelengths longer than about 800 nm and shorter than about 1 mm?
• Which category is used for LASIK eye surgery and treating skin conditions like psoriasis?
• Copper vapor lasers emit yellow light at 578 nm and gold vapor lasers emit red light at 630 nm. Which metals are responsible for these emission wavelengths?
• 3-10 milliseconds, relevant for avoiding skin burns corresponds to which TRT?
• Beam power per solid angle (J/sr); seldom used in laser safety.
• Which term refers to the acoustical shock wave produced by high-energy pulsing of a laser, often described as cold cutting in ophthalmology?
• What do the eccrine glands in the skin do?
• Diode lasers commonly operate in what wavelength range for medical systems?
• Which device family includes a wavelength range of 420-1400 nm and emits polychromatic incoherent light?
• What is the term for the time required for a target to dissipate heat after laser exposure?
• Which standard applies to safety guidelines across all health care settings where lasers are used?
• Name an example of a solid Active Medium.
• What does Optical Density measure in safety glasses?
• Which laser is commonly used in orthopedic procedures such as arthroscopy and in urology for stones and prostate?
• Which ANSI standard applies to medical laser safety?
• Which laser types are commonly listed for ablative skin resurfacing in the materials?
• Fluence is best described as:
• Who is credited with inventing the word 'Laser'?
• To trigger the avalanche effect for hair removal, what hair temperature is needed?
• A logarithmic comparison of power levels, abbreviated dB, defined as 10 log10 (P2/P1)?
• What term describes the optically active material in tissue that absorbs laser light?
• Which term describes an instrument to measure power in watts in electromagnetic radiation and is distinct from a photometer?
• What is the Active Medium in a laser?
• Which statement best describes an excimer laser?
• Which condition is a challenge for laser hair removal, such as gray hair on black skin?
• Which wavelength will NOT transmit through ocular fluids in the eye to the retina?
• One desirable clinical endpoint in laser hair removal includes which of the following?
• Clinical implications include volume removal of tissue by vaporization. Which option describes this concept?
• In tunable dye laser applications, which color is associated with lithotripsy?
• What term describes destruction of tissue by heat without removing it?
• Characteristic of laser light meaning waves travel in parallel with little divergence.
• Which variable changes irradiance (power density) the quickest?
• What is the term for the average power level in a sequence of laser pulses?
• Which category is associated with near-visible infrared used in medical and cosmetic procedures?
• What is the unit abbreviated nm used to measure wavelength?
• Near-infrared diode lasers for medical devices typically operate in which wavelength range?
• The ruby laser emits light at which wavelength?
• Which laser is used for more superficial resurfacing than CO2, offering less downtime and pain?
• What is the Feedback Mechanism in a laser also known as?
• Which document sets the standard for safe laser operation in healthcare facilities?
• Which category covers medical imaging using X-rays and security scanners?
• The outer barrier layer of the skin that protects against laser injury is what?
• Name an example of an electronic Active Medium.
• What is the device class with a wavelength range of 1 mm to 1 m, which is invisible to the human eye?
• Which laser emits light at 2940 nm, highly absorbed by water, used for precise tissue ablation with minimal thermal damage?
• What does MPE stand for in laser safety terms?
• In fractional resurfacing, energy is delivered in micro-dots that coagulate or vaporize tissue to varying depths. A true statement about this approach is:
• How is the Nominal Hazard Zone (NHZ) best defined in laser safety?
• How often does the epidermis renew itself?
• What term describes light that is monochromatic, meaning all emitted wavelengths are the same and form very narrow lines?
• The hazard class pre-classification I through IV is designed to minimize the need for measurements and calculations by which group?
• Heat underlying skin tissue without removing outer layers, used for skin rejuvenation and treating acne scars.
• What does ANSI stand for?
• The Pulsed Dye yellow light laser targets what chromophore when treating red vascular lesions?
• Which laser emits Ultraviolet 308 nm and is used in dermatology for acne and psoriasis?
• The optimum pulse time, relative to the TRT of the skin and hair follicle, for laser hair removal is which statement?
• Which laser wavelength would be best suited for hair removal on black skin?
• Which laser type has wavelengths 193 to 351 nm and is used in eye surgeries and dermatology?
• In laser safety, MPE is used to determine which of the following?
• Which term describes a laser beam with minimal divergence?
• What is the non-beam hazard produced during laser procedures that consists of smoke and particulates?
• Wavelength 400-450 nm corresponds to which color?
• Which category corresponds to a wavelength range of 400 to 700 nm and includes violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red?
• ANSI Z136.3 Laser Safety Standards for Health Care Facilities apply to:
• Which laser is a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG producing 532 nm, used for pigmented lesions and small vascular lesions?
• Which statement best describes ANSI standards' role in safety enforcement?
• Which cooling method is commonly used with sapphire windows on aesthetic lasers?
• Which rare earth element is the active element in a Nd:YAG laser?
• What term is used for power per unit area (power density)?
• Which property determines how well a chromophore absorbs a given laser wavelength?
• Why does laser hair removal require more than one effective treatment?
• Universal Precautions include treating all body fluids as potentially infectious and using protective barriers such as gloves and eye protection. Which statement best captures this concept?
• In resurfacing, what outcome indicates controlled ablation with minimal thermal damage?
• What is the time unit equal to one billionth of a second and used to describe some pulsed laser durations?
• The attenuation difference between Optical Density (OD) 3 and OD 6 is approximately a factor of how many?
• Which statement explains how the avalanche effect relates to hair removal methods?
• Which ablative treatment removes layers of skin to treat wrinkles, scars, and other imperfections?
• Methods to reduce reflections from instruments near the laser beam are called what?
• Which category includes devices in the 700-1400 nm range and is used for skin treatments, combining lasers and non-laser options?
• What are the four primary components of a laser?
• Which laser is commonly used as the guide light in most infrared surgical lasers and in photomodulation (LLLT)?
• Which category includes infrared light range from 700 nm to 1 mm?
• In laparoscopy, which gas is used for insufflation and should not be confused with CO2 laser laparoscopy?
• Extended source in optical terminology is:
• What are the two components of light reflection from the skin?
• What must be worn within the NHZ to protect eyes from laser radiation?
• What does LASER stand for?
• The Alexandrite laser emits light at approximately which wavelength?
• In laser hair removal, which end point is considered desirable?
• Which statement best describes near-infrared light?
• During laser hair removal, which chromophore is the other major competing chromophore in the skin?
• Which color band includes all colors from violet to red and is visible to the human eye?
• What is ANSI's role in laser safety within healthcare settings?
• Which wavelength is used by the YSGG system for heating the dermis in skin rejuvenation?
• Non-ablative laser skin rejuvenation works primarily by
• If the primary physician or manager of a facility does not assume the role of Laser Safety Officer (LSO), how is one selected?
• How fast does light bounce back and forth in the Optical Resonator?
• Photodynamic Therapy uses photosensitizing drugs activated by light to selectively destroy tissue. What is the common acronym for this therapy?
• Yellow light lasers like Pulsed Dye or CuBr are used to treat which type of lesions by heating blood vessels to collapse them?
• Wavelength 450-495 nm commonly used in LED technology and some laser pointers.
• What term describes the decrease in light intensity as it travels through a medium?
• Which statement is most accurate regarding the safety of lasers during pregnancy?
• Which term describes a laser cavity with mirrors so that stimulated emission can oscillate within it?
• What term describes glare that reveals surface details such as texture, wrinkles, and dryness?
• The measurement of the distance between two peaks of a wave, typically expressed in nanometers, is called?
• Which laser has a mid-infrared wavelength of 2940 nm and is used for ablative and fractional skin resurfacing?
• Which laser best targets red vascular lesions?
• A radiation source whose dimensions are negligible compared to the distance to the detector is known as a what?
• In medical applications of tunable dye lasers, which color is commonly used for dermatology?
• Which term describes the change in the pathway of light by bouncing off surfaces?
• What does the Output Coupler do in a laser?
• Which laser presents a corneal hazard rather than a retinal hazard?
• Smoke and particulate matter produced during laser procedures, considered a non-beam hazard.
• The basic particle of light is called a which of the following?
• What term refers to the diameter of the laser beam that determines treatment density?
• Which therapy combines a photosensitizing agent with a laser to treat certain conditions?
• The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths shorter than about 400 nm, invisible to the human eye, which includes Excimer lasers, is called:
• What is the wavelength of a typical diode laser used for laser hair removal?
• What hazard can involve dyes and solvents in some laser systems?
• What does the 'R' in the acronym LASER stand for?
• What is the duration measurement of a laser pulse typically taken at half-power points?
• What term is used for the range of all electromagnetic radiation frequencies?
• Fluence is energy delivered per unit area.
• What is the purpose of the circulating fluid around sapphire plates in some aesthetic laser handpieces?
• Which delivery mode provides a constant, steady power and can promote lateral heat spread from the treatment site?
• Area within which laser radiation exceeds safe exposure limits; safety measures are mandatory.
• Power is the rate at which energy is emitted from the laser (W = J/s).
• The major difference between ANSI Z136.3 (Medical) and ANSI Z136.1 (Industrial) safety officers is
• Are hair follicles within the same body area in the same growth phase at the same time?
• Produce high-intensity pulses by Q-switching, used for tattoo removal and pigmented lesion treatment.
• Which term is a filter that allows selective transmission of colors?
• A Nd:YAG laser variation can produce a harmonic at which wavelength besides the fundamental 1060 nm?
• If optical density increases from 2 to 3, the transmitted energy decreases by a factor of approximately:
• Which crystal is used to convert Nd:YAG laser light from infrared to green?
• Which dye-laser is used for vascular lesions and skin rejuvenation at Yellow-Orange 585-605 nm?
• Name an example of a gas Active Medium.
• Removing the top layers of skin to stimulate collagen production and skin renewal is characteristic of which laser type?
• ANSI Z136.3 safety standards apply to which of the following?
• Which factors determine the potential hazard of laser exposure?
• Which term describes the device that emits laser light when stimulated?
• The ratio of total transmitted radiant power to total incident radiant power is called:
• In a Laser Safety Program, which of the following is considered an administrative control?
• Which pigment absorbs laser light in the epidermis?
• What is permanent hair reduction, according to the FDA?
• The national regulatory body for the regulation and distribution of lasers is which entity?
• Dλ = - log10 τλ, where τλ is the transmittance at wavelength λ, describes which optical quantity?
• Which of the following is a common gas laser medium?
• Why are Nd:YAG lasers preferred for darker skin in hair removal?
• Which term specifically denotes the action of making light rays parallel?
• Which statement describes the clinical endpoint indicators in hair removal?
• What is stimulated emission?
• Which laser type emits energy in short, high-intensity bursts?
• During laser hair removal, what is the other major competing chromophore in skin?
• ANSI Z136.3 lists which time period as the aversion response time of humans to strong light?
• What is the Output Coupler in a laser?
• When treating a tattoo with green pigment by laser, which laser would be the least effective on that pigment?
• Provided that clinically effective results are achieved, which is more skin-sparing during laser hair removal at the same fluences?
• The part of a molecule that absorbs light, targeted in laser treatments
• When performing deep skin resurfacing on very dark skin types, what is a more common complication?
• Which category is commonly used in medical imaging and radiation therapy?
• Which category encompasses uses such as laser hair removal, skin resurfacing, and treatment of vascular lesions?
• DHE stands for which photosensitizing agent used in photodynamic therapy?
• According to ANSI Z136.3, which eyewear category is recommended for laser safety?
• Which parameter is most important to monitor to avoid skin damage during laser hair removal?
• Which parameter describes the energy contained with laser light?
• What is the term for aerosolized vapor created by vaporization of tissue or metals during laser or electrosurgery?
• Conventional laser hair removal has difficulty with which hair color?
• What is the unit of power?
• Which gland type is involved in sebum production and potential acne risk?
• Which category includes night vision, thermal imaging, and remote controls?
• Photodynamic Therapy comprises which two components?
• When must windows and open portals to the laser room be covered according to ANSI Z136.3?
• What is population inversion in a laser?
• Which excitation method is used to energize gas lasers like CO2 and Krypton by passing electrical current through the laser tube?
• Which laser is described as providing a micropeel effect due to finer ablation than CO2?
• In laser hair removal, which endpoint indicates a successful treatment even if no obvious signs are present?
• The laser mirror that combines two wavelengths into a single coaxial beam is called
• Which term means bending of light as it passes between materials of different refractive index?
• What indicates treatment success for resurfacing?
• Which describes constant, steady-state delivery of laser power?
• Which laser emits at about 630 nm and is used as a guide light for infrared lasers?
• The property of light that describes the orientation of the electric field vector is called what?
• Why should healthcare facilities follow ANSI standards?
• What is the primary purpose of a Laser Safety Officer (LSO) in a facility?
• Which category includes excimer lasers used in vision and color displays?
• Entering a designated laser room generally requires wearing laser safety eyewear with appropriate optical density rated for the laser's wavelength. Which statement is true?
• Which technology has a wavelength range of 193 to 351 nm and appears violet in the near-visible spectrum?
• What is the proper term for energy per unit area delivered by a laser, measured in joules per square centimeter?
• Which hair growth phase is the resting phase during which shedding occurs?
• The proper term for energy delivered per unit area (J/cm^2) is?
• What does the acronym MPE stand for in laser safety?
• What unit is used to express the frequency of periodic oscillations?
• Ablative laser resurfacing removes which skin tissue?
• In fiber-delivered laser systems, how does the light typically exit the fiber?
• Nd:YAG lasers are commonly used for which primary dermatology procedures, with higher power enabling tattoo removal?
• What term describes heat generated by the laser that causes tissue coagulation or vaporization?
• What term is used for blackening of instruments to reduce reflection during laser procedures?
• Which term best describes a laser with a single wavelength?
• What classification do most medical laser systems fall under in the United States?
• Heats underlying skin tissue without damaging the surface, promoting collagen growth is which type?
• Short-wavelength lasers cause damage by heat (photocoagulation), while long-wavelength lasers like Nd:YAG penetrate deeper and can cause more severe injuries, such as retinal hemorrhage and scarring. Which statement best describes this difference?
• Patients with a family history of keloid scarring are at higher risk for scarring from laser treatments. What is the term for this risk factor?
• Which laser is energized by a bright pulsing arc lamp to produce high peak power in medical applications?
• Who originally described the process of stimulated emission in the early 20th century?
• Starting from the deepest layer, what is the correct sequence of skin structures?
• Which parameter is most important to match to hair color for effective hair removal?
• Which category is defined by wavelengths less than 0.01 nm?
• What is the radiometric unit of brightness in J/(cm2-sr)?
• Some lasers, like CO2 and Er:Yag, do not transmit through glass, reducing risks of corneal burns.
• Which is true of the Apocrine glands?
• A molecule in blood that absorbs light, targeted in vascular laser treatments
• The space between the true laser mirrors where the light is amplified and lasing action occurs is called the
• What unit is used to express energy as the work that can be performed?
• Which term describes a discontinuous burst of laser light produced by gating a continuous output, where the peak power does not exceed the average power?
• Which of the following is NOT considered a typical Active Medium category for lasers?
• A reflection from a surface at a very wide angle with low intensity is known as which type of reflection?
• Which wavelength is commonly associated with the CO2 laser?
• Optical Density (OD) values describe attenuation; the difference between OD 3 and OD 6 corresponds to which factor?
• Laser Safety Glasses will provide adequate protection from eye damage, even if the beam is fired directly through the glasses into the eye.
• Instantaneous power level in watts. Also called Radiant Power.
• The energy per unit area delivered to tissue is called what?
• Which term refers to the device that energizes the active medium in a laser?
• What is the wavelength of the Nd:YAG laser commonly used for hair removal?
• What is considered the potentially strongest contra-indication for most types of aesthetic laser procedures?
• Which term denotes the exposure limit that defines safe exposure for the eye or skin?
• What is the common name for a 632 nm red laser used as guide light in infrared surgical lasers and in photomodulation (LLLT)?
• Fluence Rate is defined as:
• Who is responsible for overseeing laser safety in a facility?
• Femtosecond laser pulses are best described as:
• Which term refers to the designated area where laser procedures are conducted, with restricted access?
• The avalanche effect helps explain why some laser hair removal techniques are highly effective. Which statement best describes this?
• What term describes breaking of chemical bonds in tissue using laser energy?
• Wavelength 590-620 nm; visible in some laser devices.
• Which type of laser emits energy in short pulses generally less than 0.25 s in duration?
• Which skin layer is the upper portion of the dermis and appears pink during ablative procedures?
• The smallest point of a focused laser beam